Effect of Feed Supplement Containing Dried Kratom Leaves on Apparent Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, Serum Antioxidants, Hematology, and Nitrogen Balance in Goats

The objectives of the present study were to examine influence supplementation with dried kratom leaf (DKTL) on performance, hematology, and nitrogen balance in goats. Four 12-month-old male crossbred (Thai Native x Anglo Nubian) goats an initial body weight (BW) 24.63 ± 0.95 kg allocated randomly receive four different levels DKTL using a 4 × Latin square design. was added total mixed ration (TMR) diet doses 0, 2.22, 4.44, 6.66 g/day investigate treatment’s efficacy. high secondary metabolites, including mitragynine, phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, saponins. There quadratic effects DMI terms kg/day (p = 0.04), %BW 0.05), g/kg BW.75 0.02). increased apparent digestibility (DM; p 0.01, OM; CP; 0.04, NDF; ADF; 0.01). pH value within rumen’s normal range, whereas NH3-N BUN concentrations lower supplementation, also reduced cholesterol (CHOL, 0.05) low-density lipoprotein (LDL, protozoa population decreased linearly as < 0.01), Fibrobacter succinogenes quadratically at 0 h 0.02), mean values average acetic acid (C2) methane production (CH4) when DKLT diet, quantity propionic (C3) Our results indicate that could be great alternative supplement for goat feed. We believe provide opportunities assist meat industry fulfilling demands health-conscious consumers.